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# Template for deploying k3s backed by Flux
Highly opinionated template for deploying a single [k3s](https://k3s.io/) cluster with [k3sup](https://github.com/alexellis/k3sup) backed by [Flux](https://toolkit.fluxcd.io/) and [SOPS](https://toolkit.fluxcd.io/guides/mozilla-sops/).
The purpose here is to showcase how you can deploy an entire Kubernetes cluster and show it off to the world using the [GitOps](https://www.weave.works/blog/what-is-gitops-really) tool [Flux](https://toolkit.fluxcd.io/). When completed, your Git repository will be driving the state of your Kubernetes cluster. In addition with the help of the [Flux SOPS integration](https://toolkit.fluxcd.io/guides/mozilla-sops/) you'll be able to commit GPG encrypted secrets to your public repo.
## Overview
- [Introduction](https://github.com/k8s-at-home/template-cluster-k3s#wave-introduction)
- [Prerequisites](https://github.com/k8s-at-home/template-cluster-k3s#memo-prerequisites)
- [Repository structure](https://github.com/k8s-at-home/template-cluster-k3s#open_file_folder-repository-structure)
- [Lets go!](https://github.com/k8s-at-home/template-cluster-k3s#rocket-lets-go)
- [Post installation](https://github.com/k8s-at-home/template-cluster-k3s#mega-post-installation)
- [Thanks](https://github.com/k8s-at-home/template-cluster-k3s#handshake-thanks)
## :wave:  Introduction
The following components will be installed in your [k3s](https://k3s.io/) cluster by default. They are only included to get a minimum viable cluster up and running. You are free to add / remove components to your liking but anything outside the scope of the below components are not supported by this template.
Feel free to read up on any of these technologies before you get started to be more familiar with them.
- [flannel](https://github.com/flannel-io/flannel) - default CNI provided by k3s
- [local-path-provisioner](https://github.com/rancher/local-path-provisioner) - default storage class provided by k3s
- [flux](https://toolkit.fluxcd.io/) - GitOps tool for deploying manifests from the `cluster` directory
- [metallb](https://metallb.universe.tf/) - bare metal load balancer
- [cert-manager](https://cert-manager.io/) - SSL certificates - with Cloudflare DNS challenge
- [traefik](https://traefik.io) - ingress controller
- [hajimari](https://github.com/toboshii/hajimari) - start page with ingress discovery
- [system-upgrade-controller](https://github.com/rancher/system-upgrade-controller) - upgrade k3s
- [reloader](https://github.com/stakater/Reloader) - restart pod when configmap or secret changes
## :memo:  Prerequisites
### :computer:  Nodes
Already provisioned Bare metal or VMs with any modern operating system like Ubuntu, Debian or CentOS.
If coming from a fresh install of Linux make sure you do the following steps.
- Copy over your SSH keys to all the hosts
- Enable packet forwarding on the hosts and increase max_user_watches
```sh
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
fs.inotify.max_user_watches=65536
EOF
sysctl --system
```
- Configure DNS on your nodes to use an upstream provider (e.g. `1.1.1.1`, `9.9.9.9`), or your router's IP if you have DNS configured there and it's not pointing to a local Ad-blocker DNS. Ad-blockers should only be used on devices with a web browser.
- Set a static IP on the nodes OS itself and **NOT** by using DHCP. Using DHCP to assign IPs injects a search domain into your nodes `/etc/resolv.conf` and this could potentially break DNS in containers.
- Disable swap
### :wrench:&nbsp; Tools
:round_pushpin: You should install the below CLI tools on your workstation. Make sure you pull in the latest versions.
| Tool | Purpose |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
| [k3sup](https://github.com/alexellis/k3sup) | Tool to install k3s on your nodes |
| [kubectl](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/) | Allows you to run commands against Kubernetes clusters |
| [flux](https://toolkit.fluxcd.io/) | Operator that manages your k8s cluster based on your Git repository |
| [SOPS](https://github.com/mozilla/sops) | Encrypts k8s secrets with GnuPG |
| [GnuPG](https://gnupg.org/) | Encrypts and signs your data |
| [pinentry](https://gnupg.org/related_software/pinentry/index.html) | Allows GnuPG to read passphrases and PIN numbers |
| [direnv](https://github.com/direnv/direnv) | Exports env vars based on present working directory |
| [pre-commit](https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit) | Runs checks pre `git commit` |
| [kustomize](https://kustomize.io/) | Template-free way to customize application configuration |
| [helm](https://helm.sh/) | Manage Kubernetes applications |
| [go-task](https://github.com/go-task/task) | A task runner / simpler Make alternative written in Go |
| [prettier](https://github.com/prettier/prettier) | Prettier is an opinionated code formatter. |
### :warning:&nbsp; pre-commit
It is advisable to install [pre-commit](https://pre-commit.com/) and the pre-commit hooks that come with this repository.
[sops-pre-commit](https://github.com/k8s-at-home/sops-pre-commit) will check to make sure you are not by accident commiting your secrets un-encrypted.
After pre-commit is installed on your machine run:
```sh
pre-commit install-hooks
```
## :open_file_folder:&nbsp; Repository structure
The Git repository contains the following directories under `cluster` and are ordered below by how Flux will apply them.
- **base** directory is the entrypoint to Flux
- **crds** directory contains custom resource definitions (CRDs) that need to exist globally in your cluster before anything else exists
- **core** directory (depends on **crds**) are important infrastructure applications (grouped by namespace) that should never be pruned by Flux
- **apps** directory (depends on **core**) is where your common applications (grouped by namespace) could be placed, Flux will prune resources here if they are not tracked by Git anymore
```
cluster
├── apps
│ ├── default
│ ├── networking
│ └── system-upgrade
├── base
│ └── flux-system
├── core
│ ├── cert-manager
│ ├── metallb-system
│ ├── namespaces
│ └── system-upgrade
└── crds
└── cert-manager
```
## :rocket:&nbsp; Lets go!
Very first step will be to create a new repository by clicking the **Use this template** button on this page.
:round_pushpin: In these instructions you will be exporting several environment variables to your current shell env. Make sure you stay with in your current shell to not lose any exported variables.
:round_pushpin: **All of the below commands** are run on your **local** workstation, **not** on any of your cluster nodes.
### :closed_lock_with_key:&nbsp; Setting up GnuPG keys
:round_pushpin: Here we will create a personal and a Flux GPG key. Using SOPS with GnuPG allows us to encrypt and decrypt secrets.
1. Create a Personal GPG Key, password protected, and export the fingerprint. It's **strongly encouraged** to back up this key somewhere safe so you don't lose it.
```sh
export GPG_TTY=$(tty)
export PERSONAL_KEY_NAME="First name Last name (location) <email>"
gpg --batch --full-generate-key <<EOF
Key-Type: 1
Key-Length: 4096
Subkey-Type: 1
Subkey-Length: 4096
Expire-Date: 0
Name-Real: ${PERSONAL_KEY_NAME}
EOF
gpg --list-secret-keys "${PERSONAL_KEY_NAME}"
# pub rsa4096 2021-03-11 [SC]
# 772154FFF783DE317KLCA0EC77149AC618D75581
# uid [ultimate] k8s@home (Macbook) <k8s-at-home@gmail.com>
# sub rsa4096 2021-03-11 [E]
export PERSONAL_KEY_FP=772154FFF783DE317KLCA0EC77149AC618D75581
```
2. Create a Flux GPG Key and export the fingerprint
```sh
export GPG_TTY=$(tty)
export FLUX_KEY_NAME="Cluster name (Flux) <email>"
gpg --batch --full-generate-key <<EOF
%no-protection
Key-Type: 1
Key-Length: 4096
Subkey-Type: 1
Subkey-Length: 4096
Expire-Date: 0
Name-Real: ${FLUX_KEY_NAME}
EOF
gpg --list-secret-keys "${FLUX_KEY_NAME}"
# pub rsa4096 2021-03-11 [SC]
# AB675CE4CC64251G3S9AE1DAA88ARRTY2C009E2D
# uid [ultimate] Home cluster (Flux) <k8s-at-home@gmail.com>
# sub rsa4096 2021-03-11 [E]
export FLUX_KEY_FP=AB675CE4CC64251G3S9AE1DAA88ARRTY2C009E2D
```
### :sailboat:&nbsp; Installing k3s with k3sup
:round_pushpin: Here we will be install [k3s](https://k3s.io/) with [k3sup](https://github.com/alexellis/k3sup). After completion, k3sup will drop a `kubeconfig` in your present working directory for use with interacting with your cluster with `kubectl`.
1. Ensure you are able to SSH into you nodes with using your private ssh key. This is how k3sup is able to connect to your remote node.
2. Install the master node(s)
_We will be installing metallb instead of servicelb, traefik and metrics-server will be installed with Flux._
```sh
k3sup install \
--host=169.254.1.1 \
--user=k8s-at-home \
--k3s-version=v1.21.4+k3s1 \
--k3s-extra-args="--disable servicelb --disable traefik --disable metrics-server"
```
3. Join worker nodes (optional)
```sh
k3sup join \
--host=169.254.1.2 \
--server-host=169.254.1.1 \
--k3s-version=v1.21.4+k3s1 \
--user=k8s-at-home
```
4. Verify the nodes are online
```sh
kubectl --kubeconfig=./kubeconfig get nodes
# NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
# k8s-master-a Ready control-plane,master 4d20h v1.21.4+k3s1
# k8s-worker-a Ready worker 4d20h v1.21.4+k3s1
```
### :cloud:&nbsp; Cloudflare API Token
:round_pushpin: You may skip this step, **however** make sure to `export` dummy data **on item 8** in the below list.
...Be aware you **will not** have a valid SSL cert until `cert-manager` is configured correctly
In order to use `cert-manager` with the Cloudflare DNS challenge you will need to create a API token.
1. Head over to Cloudflare and create a API token by going [here](https://dash.cloudflare.com/profile/api-tokens).
2. Click the blue `Create Token` button
3. Scroll down and create a Custom Token by choosing `Get started`
4. Give your token a name like `cert-manager`
5. Under `Permissions` give **read** access to `Zone` : `Zone` and **write** access to `Zone` : `DNS`
6. Under `Zone Resources` set it to `Include` : `All Zones`
7. Click `Continue to summary` and then `Create Token`
8. Export this token and your Cloudflare email address to an environment variable on your system to be used in the following steps
```sh
export BOOTSTRAP_CLOUDFLARE_EMAIL="k8s-at-home@gmail.com"
export BOOTSTRAP_CLOUDFLARE_TOKEN="kpG6iyg3FS_du_8KRShdFuwfbwu3zMltbvmJV6cD"
```
### :small_blue_diamond:&nbsp; GitOps with Flux
:round_pushpin: Here we will be installing [flux](https://toolkit.fluxcd.io/) after some quick bootstrap steps.
1. Verify Flux can be installed
```sh
flux --kubeconfig=./kubeconfig check --pre
# ► checking prerequisites
# ✔ kubectl 1.21.4 >=1.18.0-0
# ✔ Kubernetes 1.21.4+k3s1 >=1.16.0-0
# ✔ prerequisites checks passed
```
2. Pre-create the `flux-system` namespace
```sh
kubectl --kubeconfig=./kubeconfig create namespace flux-system --dry-run=client -o yaml | kubectl --kubeconfig=./kubeconfig apply -f -
```
3. Add the Flux GPG key in-order for Flux to decrypt SOPS secrets
```sh
gpg --export-secret-keys --armor "${FLUX_KEY_FP}" |
kubectl --kubeconfig=./kubeconfig create secret generic sops-gpg \
--namespace=flux-system \
--from-file=sops.asc=/dev/stdin
```
4. Export more environment variables for application configuration
```sh
# The repo you created from this template
export BOOTSTRAP_GITHUB_REPOSITORY="https://github.com/k8s-at-home/home-cluster"
# Choose one of your domains or use a made up one
export BOOTSTRAP_DOMAIN="k8s-at-home.com"
# Pick a range of unused IPs that are on the same network as your nodes
# You don't need many IPs, just choose 10 to start with
export BOOTSTRAP_METALLB_LB_RANGE="169.254.1.10-169.254.1.20"
# The load balancer IP for traefik, choose from one of the available IPs above
export BOOTSTRAP_SVC_TRAEFIK_ADDR="169.254.1.10"
```
5. Create required files based on ALL exported environment variables.
```sh
envsubst < ./tmpl/.sops.yaml > ./.sops.yaml
envsubst < ./tmpl/cluster-secrets.sops.yaml > ./cluster/base/cluster-secrets.sops.yaml
envsubst < ./tmpl/cluster-settings.yaml > ./cluster/base/cluster-settings.yaml
envsubst < ./tmpl/gotk-sync.yaml > ./cluster/base/flux-system/gotk-sync.yaml
envsubst < ./tmpl/secret.sops.yaml > ./cluster/core/cert-manager/secret.sops.yaml
```
6. **Verify** all the above files have the correct information present
7. Encrypt `cluster/cluster-secrets.sops.yaml` and `cert-manager/secret.sops.yaml` with SOPS
```sh
export GPG_TTY=$(tty)
sops --encrypt --in-place ./cluster/base/cluster-secrets.sops.yaml
sops --encrypt --in-place ./cluster/core/cert-manager/secret.sops.yaml
```
:round_pushpin: Variables defined in `cluster-secrets.sops.yaml` and `cluster-settings.sops.yaml` will be usable anywhere in your YAML manifests under `./cluster`
8. **Verify** all the above files are **encrypted** with SOPS
9. Push you changes to git
```sh
git add -A
git commit -m "initial commit"
git push
```
10. Install Flux
:round_pushpin: Due to race conditions with the Flux CRDs you will have to run the below command twice. There should be no errors on this second run.
```sh
kubectl --kubeconfig=./kubeconfig apply --kustomize=./cluster/base/flux-system
# namespace/flux-system configured
# customresourcedefinition.apiextensions.k8s.io/alerts.notification.toolkit.fluxcd.io created
# ...
# unable to recognize "./cluster/base/flux-system": no matches for kind "Kustomization" in version "kustomize.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1"
# unable to recognize "./cluster/base/flux-system": no matches for kind "GitRepository" in version "source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1"
# unable to recognize "./cluster/base/flux-system": no matches for kind "HelmRepository" in version "source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1"
# unable to recognize "./cluster/base/flux-system": no matches for kind "HelmRepository" in version "source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1"
# unable to recognize "./cluster/base/flux-system": no matches for kind "HelmRepository" in version "source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1"
# unable to recognize "./cluster/base/flux-system": no matches for kind "HelmRepository" in version "source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1"
```
:tada: **Congratulations** you have a Kubernetes cluster managed by Flux, your Git repository is driving the state of your cluster.
## :mega:&nbsp; Post installation
### Verify Flux
```sh
kubectl --kubeconfig=./kubeconfig get pods -n flux-system
# NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
# helm-controller-5bbd94c75-89sb4 1/1 Running 0 1h
# kustomize-controller-7b67b6b77d-nqc67 1/1 Running 0 1h
# notification-controller-7c46575844-k4bvr 1/1 Running 0 1h
# source-controller-7d6875bcb4-zqw9f 1/1 Running 0 1h
```
### Verify ingress
If your cluster is not accessible to outside world you can update your hosts file to verify the ingress controller is working.
This will only be temporary and you should set up DNS to handle these records either manually or automated with [external-dns](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/external-dns).
```sh
echo "${BOOTSTRAP_SVC_TRAEFIK_ADDR} ${BOOTSTRAP_DOMAIN} hajimari.${BOOTSTRAP_DOMAIN}" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts
```
Head over to your browser and you _should_ be able to access `https://hajimari.${BOOTSTRAP_DOMAIN}`
### direnv
This is a great tool to export environment variables depending on what your present working directory is, head over to their [installation guide](https://direnv.net/docs/installation.html) and don't forget to hook it into your shell!
When this is done you no longer have to use `--kubeconfig=./kubeconfig` in your `kubectl`, `flux` or `helm` commands.
### VSCode SOPS extension
[VSCode SOPS](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=signageos.signageos-vscode-sops) is a neat little plugin for those using VSCode.
It will automatically decrypt you SOPS secrets when you click on the file in the editor and encrypt them when you save and exit the file.
### :point_right:&nbsp; Debugging
Manually sync Flux with your Git repository
```sh
flux --kubeconfig=./kubeconfig reconcile source git flux-system
# ► annotating GitRepository flux-system in flux-system namespace
# ✔ GitRepository annotated
# ◎ waiting for GitRepository reconciliation
# ✔ GitRepository reconciliation completed
# ✔ fetched revision main/943e4126e74b273ff603aedab89beb7e36be4998
```
Show the health of you kustomizations
```sh
kubectl --kubeconfig=./kubeconfig get kustomization -A
# NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS AGE
# flux-system apps True Applied revision: main/943e4126e74b273ff603aedab89beb7e36be4998 3d19h
# flux-system core True Applied revision: main/943e4126e74b273ff603aedab89beb7e36be4998 4d6h
# flux-system crds True Applied revision: main/943e4126e74b273ff603aedab89beb7e36be4998 4d6h
# flux-system flux-system True Applied revision: main/943e4126e74b273ff603aedab89beb7e36be4998 4d6h
```
Show the health of your main Flux `GitRepository`
```sh
flux --kubeconfig=./kubeconfig get sources git
# NAME READY MESSAGE REVISION SUSPENDED
# flux-system True Fetched revision: main/943e4126e74b273ff603aedab89beb7e36be4998 main/943e4126e74b273ff603aedab89beb7e36be4998 False
```
Show the health of your `HelmRelease`s
```sh
flux --kubeconfig=./kubeconfig get helmrelease -A
# NAMESPACE NAME READY MESSAGE REVISION SUSPENDED
# cert-manager cert-manager True Release reconciliation succeeded v1.5.2 False
# default hajimari True Release reconciliation succeeded 1.1.1 False
# networking ingress-nginx True Release reconciliation succeeded 3.30.0 False
```
Show the health of your `HelmRepository`s
```sh
flux --kubeconfig=./kubeconfig get sources helm -A
# NAMESPACE NAME READY MESSAGE REVISION SUSPENDED
# flux-system bitnami-charts True Fetched revision: 0ec3a3335ff991c45735866feb1c0830c4ed85cf 0ec3a3335ff991c45735866feb1c0830c4ed85cf False
# flux-system hajimari-charts True Fetched revision: 1b24af9c5a1e3da91618d597f58f46a57c70dc13 1b24af9c5a1e3da91618d597f58f46a57c70dc13 False
# flux-system ingress-nginx-charts True Fetched revision: 45669a3117fc93acc09a00e9fb9b4445e8990722 45669a3117fc93acc09a00e9fb9b4445e8990722 False
# flux-system jetstack-charts True Fetched revision: 7bad937cc82a012c9ee7d7a472d7bd66b48dc471 7bad937cc82a012c9ee7d7a472d7bd66b48dc471 False
# flux-system k8s-at-home-charts True Fetched revision: 1b24af9c5a1e3da91618d597f58f46a57c70dc13 1b24af9c5a1e3da91618d597f58f46a57c70dc13 False
```
Flux has a wide range of CLI options available be sure to run `flux --help` to view more!
### :robot:&nbsp; Automation
- [Renovate](https://www.whitesourcesoftware.com/free-developer-tools/renovate) is a very useful tool that when configured will start to create PRs in your Github repository when Docker images, Helm charts or anything else that can be tracked has a newer version. The configuration for renovate is located [here](./.github/renovate.json5).
- [system-upgrade-controller](https://github.com/rancher/system-upgrade-controller) will watch for new k3s releases and upgrade your nodes when new releases are found.
There's also a couple Github workflows included in this repository that will help automate some processes.
- [Flux upgrade schedule](./.github/workflows/flux-schedule.yaml) - workflow to upgrade Flux.
- [Renovate schedule](./.github/workflows/renovate-schedule.yaml) - workflow to annotate `HelmRelease`'s which allows [Renovate](https://www.whitesourcesoftware.com/free-developer-tools/renovate) to track Helm chart versions.
## :grey_question:&nbsp; What's next
The world is your cluster, try installing another application or if you have a NAS and want storage back by that check out the helm charts for [democratic-csi](https://github.com/democratic-csi/democratic-csi), [csi-driver-nfs](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-driver-nfs) or [nfs-subdir-external-provisioner](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner).
If you plan on exposing your ingress to the world from your home. Checkout [our rough guide](https://docs.k8s-at-home.com/guides/dyndns/) to run a k8s `CronJob` to update DDNS.
## :handshake:&nbsp; Thanks
Big shout out to all the authors and contributors to the projects that we are using in this repository.
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